05/Goal-setting theory

Do Your Best Is The Most Expensive Advice Ever Given

Specific and hard beats vague and comfortable. Thirty-five years of data, one finding.

5 minute read · 2 sources, linked · by Joe Lee

35 yearsof accumulated evidence
d = .52 to .82the goal-difficulty effect
d = .42 to .80specific-and-hard vs do your best

Somebody has said it to you. A manager, a coach, a parent, probably all three.

Just do your best.

It sounds like the kindest thing a person can say. No pressure, no arbitrary target, just give it what you've got. And it has been tested against specific difficult goals for decades, in labs and in real workplaces, and it loses. Consistently. By margins that should embarrass everyone who has ever said it in a meeting.

I said it to myself for years, in slightly fancier words, and called it a strategy.

The idea, named

Goal-setting theory. Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, who spent thirty-five years on essentially one question: what kind of goal actually changes what a person does?

Their answer, compressed: goals work when they are specific and when they are hard. Not one or the other. Both.

Specific gives you something to aim at and, crucially, something you can fail. Hard supplies the effort. A specific easy goal gets hit and stops you early. A vague hard goal gives you nowhere to put the effort. Together they outperform, and it is one of the most replicated findings in the whole of organisational psychology.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). American Psychologist, 57(9), 705 to 717. doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705 · Free PDF

Measurement with an edge. A specific goal is an instrument you can read, and fail.
Measurement with an edge. A specific goal is an instrument you can read, and fail.

The numbers

Across meta-analyses, the goal-difficulty effect runs d = .52 to .82.

Specific-and-difficult against do-your-best runs d = .42 to .80.

Goal-setting effect size rangesGoal difficulty d = .52 to .82. Specific and hard versus do your best d = .42 to .80.LOCKE & LATHAM · 35 YEARSEven the bottom of the range is a real effect.Goal difficulty.52.82Specific-and-hard vs do your best.42.80d = 0.25.50.75.100Ranges, not point estimates, because this is decades of studies rather than one clean trial.

Those are ranges, not single point estimates, because this is thirty-five years of studies rather than one clean trial. But look at where the bottom of the range sits. Even the weakest version of this finding is a real effect, and the top of it is large by any standard you like.

And Locke and Latham have a line about why "do your best" fails that I have not been able to get out of my head since I read it. When people are told to do their best, they don't. Not out of laziness. Because "your best" has no edge. There is no version of the day where you can look at the result and say, that was not it. So any result becomes acceptable in retrospect, and effort quietly settles at whatever felt normal.

Locke and Latham's own conclusion, after thirty-five years: when people are told to do their best, they don't.

Where this leaves your goals

Go and read whatever you currently call your goals.

Mine, for years, looked like: grow the audience. Ship more. Get the business to a place where I'm not worried. Every one of those is a mood with a verb attached.

Not one had a number. Not one had a date. And critically, not one had a reason, which turns out to matter more than I expected, because a number and a deadline with no reason behind them is just a stick you have made for yourself, and you will put it down the first hard week.

Precision as an object. A number, a date, a reason. Anything less is a mood with a verb attached.
Precision as an object. A number, a date, a reason. Anything less is a mood with a verb attached.

The lineage, credited

The direct parent of what I built is Matthew Larsen's Work Form System: a 60-minute unit, a written record of every hour, a wall of documents you read back, a small group that knows whether you showed up. Larsen is openly assembled from Hill on autosuggestion, Maltz on self-image, Cardone on 10X sizing, Hormozi on beliefs, traits and skills, Jobs via O'Leary on signal versus noise, Clear on the habit loop.

His step one is Top Five Goals, and his format is exactly the shape the research says: a number, a deadline, and a reason. He got there from Cardone's 10X sizing and from running it on himself for years. Locke and Latham got there from thirty-five years of studies. Same object, two roads.

What we add is the connection to the hour. Larsen's goals live on the wall, and the hours live on the form, and it is on you to keep them in the same universe.

What we built

In Deep Mode's setup you write exactly five goals. Not three, not "as many as feel right." Five. Each one needs a number, a deadline and a reason, and the wizard will not let you past a goal that is missing one.

WHERE THIS LIVES IN THE PRODUCT

Deep Mode, included with Full Access. Exactly five. Each one needs a number, a deadline and a reason before the wizard will let you past it, because a goal missing any of the three is a wish.

Then the goals stop being a document and start being a filter.

You print them and hang them on a wall, which sounds quaint until you have done it for a week.

Tomorrow's four hours each get tied to one of the five when you plan them the night before. If an hour cannot name the goal it serves, that is not an admin problem. That is the system telling you something.

And at the end of every session the wrap-up asks a single question: which goal did this hour serve? Five chips and a None. It takes one tap, it is honest, and after two weeks the pattern in those taps is the most useful thing on your dashboard. Almost nobody's hours are distributed the way they would have guessed.

Every one of those is Full Access, not the free plan. The free session gives you the room, the person and the timer. The goal layer is the part underneath.

The ask

You do not need my software to act on this one, and I would rather say that than pretend.

Take the thing you most want to be true in twelve months. Put a number on it. Put a date on it. Write the reason underneath, the real one, not the one you would say on a podcast.

That is the intervention. It costs ten minutes and thirty-five years of evidence says it beats what you are doing now.

Aim small enough to miss. The cluster only counts because the rings are drawn.
Aim small enough to miss. The cluster only counts because the rings are drawn.

Then, if you want the version where those five sit on a wall you see every morning and every hour you work has to name which one it served, that is the thing I built.

That's why I built this. I needed it. I am very good at wanting things in general and I was, for most of my adult life, terrible at wanting anything in particular.

Free, one session a day, no card

Sources

  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation: A 35-Year Odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
  • Free PDF: https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/s-spire/documents/PD.locke-and-latham-retrospective_Paper.pdf