04/Implementation intentions

The If-Then Cheat Code

Naming the when and the where beats intending to try. 94 studies say so.

5 minute read · 3 sources, linked · by Joe Lee

94independent tests
d = .65overall effect
d = .77for getting back after a derail

Here's a thing you've done. Probably this week.

You decided, with real conviction, that tomorrow you're going to finish the onboarding flow. You meant it. You could picture it done. If someone had asked you at that moment how likely it was, you'd have said ninety percent, easy.

Tomorrow arrived. The onboarding flow did not get finished.

Nothing dramatic happened. You didn't decide against it. You just never quite arrived at the moment where it started, and then it was 4pm, and 4pm is a bad time to begin anything, so it moved to the next day, where the same thing happened again.

There's a fix for this. It's been tested 94 separate times. It takes about eight seconds and it is so unglamorous that I ignored it for fifteen years on the grounds that it seemed too small to matter.

The idea, named

Implementation intentions. Peter Gollwitzer, 1999.

A goal intention is "I want to finish the onboarding flow." An implementation intention is "when it's 9am and I'm at my desk, I will open the onboarding branch and write the email verification step."

That's the whole difference. Goal intentions name the outcome. Implementation intentions name the when, the where, and the what, in advance, in a specific if-then form.

Gollwitzer's argument for why it works is the part that made me sit up. Specifying the situation hands control of the behavior over to the situation itself. You're not relying on remembering, or deciding, or feeling like it, at the moment of truth. You pre-loaded the cue. When the cue shows up, the action fires with much less of you involved.

You're not motivating yourself. You're setting a trigger and walking away.

You are not motivating yourself. You are setting a trigger and walking away.

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493 to 503. Free PDF

Pre-wired. When the cue closes the circuit, the action fires with much less of you involved.
Pre-wired. When the cue closes the circuit, the action fires with much less of you involved.

The number, and it's a real one

In 2006 Gollwitzer and Paschal Sheeran ran the meta-analysis.

94 independent tests. Overall effect: d = .65.

Then they split it by failure type, which is where it gets useful for you specifically.

For "couldn't get started," d = .61. For "got derailed once started," d = .77.

Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69 to 119. doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1 Plain-language summary from the National Cancer Institute.

Medium to large, replicated across nearly a hundred tests, in a field where half the famous findings have been quietly falling over for a decade. If you only ever adopt one thing from this entire body of work, adopt this one. It has the best evidence in the stack by a distance, and it is also the cheapest thing in the stack by a distance, which is a combination you basically never get.

And read that second number again. The derailment effect is bigger than the starting effect. The if-then plan doesn't just get you in the chair. It gets you back when something knocks you out of it, which for anyone building with AI all day is the actual problem. You don't fail to start. You fail to return.

Implementation intention effect sizesOverall d = .65. Failing to get started d = .61. Getting derailed d = .77.GOLLWITZER & SHEERAN 2006 · 94 INDEPENDENT TESTSThe one that matters most to you is the biggest one.Overallacross all 94 testsd = .65Couldn't get startedgetting into the chaird = .61Got derailedgetting back after the interruptd = .770.25.50.751.00Your problem was never starting. It is returning after the thing that knocked you out.

Where this leaves your current setup

Your task manager is full of goal intentions. Every single one of them.

"Finish onboarding flow." "Fix the Stripe webhook." "Write the launch email." Those are outcomes with a checkbox next to them. Not one of them names a time, a place, or a first action. You have a list of things you want, sorted by how much you want them, which is a wish list with drag-and-drop.

A goal names the last domino. An implementation intention stands the first one up next to your desk.
A goal names the last domino. An implementation intention stands the first one up next to your desk.

I'm not being clever at your expense here. I did this for years and I was smug about my system while I did it. I had tags. I had a weekly review. I had a whole ceremony. What I did not have was a single sentence anywhere that said when I would actually start.

The lineage, credited

Worth saying who got here before me.

The direct parent of what I built is Matthew Larsen's Work Form System: a 60-minute unit, a written record of every hour, a wall of documents you read back, a small group that knows whether you showed up. Larsen is himself openly built on Hill for autosuggestion, Maltz for self-image, Cardone for 10X sizing, Hormozi for beliefs, traits and skills, Jobs via O'Leary for signal versus noise, Clear for the habit loop.

And Larsen has this mechanism in his system without calling it by its name. His "Thought Habits" step asks you to write "when X happens, I deliberately think Y." That is the if-then structure, exactly, applied to your own head. He got there from experience. Gollwitzer got there from 94 studies. They're describing the same object.

What we add is the timing. Larsen's accountability arrives after the hour, in a form you fill in and a ping that goes out to your group. Ours sits across from you during it. Focusmate has the person and no protocol. Larsen has the protocol and no person. We're the overlap.

What it looks like when it's built into the room

Live today, on the free plan:

You cannot enter a session without typing what you're going to do. Not a category, not a project name. A sentence. The box is required and there's no skip, and that box is the single highest-evidence thing in the entire product. It's also, by a mile, the cheapest to build. That's the joke about this whole mechanism.

The session is booked for a specific slot with a specific person. The when and the where aren't things you have to specify because the booking already did it.

WHERE THIS LIVES IN THE PRODUCT

Live today. The sentence is the highest-evidence thing in the whole product and the cheapest thing in it to build, which is the joke about this mechanism.

For members on Full Access, Deep Mode takes it further, because the good version of an implementation intention is written the night before, not typed thirty seconds before the timer starts.

You plan tomorrow's four hours today. Each one gets an intention and gets tied to one of your five goals. When you walk into a booth tomorrow, the intention is already in the box. You can type over it, but you have to actively decide to, which is exactly backwards from how your morning normally works.

And the wizard has Thought Habits in it, straight from Larsen: up to five "when X happens, I'll think Y" pairs, which you print and hang on the wall. If-then, aimed at the moment where you usually spiral instead of the moment where you usually start.

The eight-second version

If you take nothing else: before you close this, write one sentence somewhere you'll see it. When it's [time], at [place], I will [first physical action].

Not the goal. The first action. "Open the onboarding branch," not "finish onboarding."

The cue and the keystroke. Set the trigger, then let the situation do the deciding.
The cue and the keystroke. Set the trigger, then let the situation do the deciding.

That sentence has 94 studies behind it and costs you nothing. You can do it without me, and you should, right now, before you forget.

Then, if you want the version where a human being is sitting across from you when the cue fires, and the sentence is already waiting in the box because you wrote it last night, that's the thing I built.

That's why I built this. I needed it. I am extremely good at wanting to work and I was, for most of my adult life, extremely bad at starting.

Free, one session a day, no card

Sources

  • Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493-503. https://www.prospectivepsych.org/sites/default/files/pictures/Gollwitzer_Implementation-intentions-1999.pdf
  • Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation Intentions and Goal Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1
  • Plain-language summary (National Cancer Institute): https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/research/constructs/implementation-intentions